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- PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM)))) PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM))))
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- NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
- ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
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- SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS
- ////uuuussssrrrr////eeeettttcccc////ppppiiiinnnngggg [----ddddDDDDffffLLLLnnnnooooPPPPqqqqQQQQrrrrRRRRvvvv] [----cccc _c_o_u_n_t] [----ssss _s_i_z_e]
- [----iiii _i_n_t_e_r_v_a_l] [----llll _p_r_e_l_o_a_d] [----pppp _p_a_t_t_e_r_n] [----TTTT _t_t_l]
- [----tttt _t_o_s] [----wwww _m_a_x_w_a_i_t]
- [----IIII _i_f_a_d_d_r] [----gggg _g_a_t_e_w_a_y] [----hhhh _h_o_s_t] _h_o_s_t
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- DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
- _P_i_n_g is a tool for network testing, measurement and management. It
- utilizes the ICMP protocol's ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP
- ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST datagrams (``pings'')
- have an IP and ICMP header, followed by an 8-byte timestamp, and then an
- arbitrary number of ``pad'' bytes used to fill out the packet.
-
- The _h_o_s_t can be the name of a host or its Internet address. The options
- are:
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- ----cccc _c_o_u_n_t
- Stop after sending (and waiting the specified delay to receive)
- _c_o_u_n_t ECHO_RESPONSE packets.
-
- ----dddd Set the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used.
-
- ----DDDD Set the _D_o_n'_t _F_r_a_g_m_e_n_t bit in the IP header. This can be used to
- determine the path MTU.
-
- ----ffff Flood ping. Send ECHO_REQUEST packets as fast as they are answered
- with ECHO_RESPONSE packets or one hundred times per second,
- whichever is more. (The repetition rate can be adjusted with the ----iiii
- option.) For every ECHO_REQUEST sent a period (.) is printed, while
- for every ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is printed. This provides
- a rapid display of how many packets are being dropped. _T_h_i_s _c_a_n _b_e
- _e_x_t_r_e_m_e_l_y _s_t_r_e_s_s_f_u_l _o_n _a _n_e_t_w_o_r_k _a_n_d _s_h_o_u_l_d _b_e _u_s_e_d _w_i_t_h _c_a_u_t_i_o_n.
-
- ----gggg _g_a_t_e_w_a_y
- Use Loose Source Routing to send the ECHO_REQUEST packets via
- _g_a_t_e_w_a_y.
-
- ----hhhh _h_o_s_t
- is an alternate way of specifying the target host instead of as the
- last argument.
-
- ----iiii _i_n_t_e_r_v_a_l
- Wait _i_n_t_e_r_v_a_l seconds between sending each packet. The default is
- to wait for one second between each packet, except when the -f
- option is used when the default is "0.01" second or 10 milliseconds.
-
- ----IIII _i_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e
- Send multicast datagrams via the network interface specified by the
- interface's hostname or IP address. Send non-multicast datagrams
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- PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM)))) PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM))))
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- with the specified source address.
-
- ----llll _c_o_u_n_t
- Preload the network by sending _c_o_u_n_t packets as fast as possible
- before falling into the normal mode of behavior.
-
- ----LLLL When sending to a multicast destination address, don't loop the
- datagram back to ourselves.
-
- ----nnnn Numeric output only. No attempt will be made to look up symbolic
- names for host addresses. This is useful to avoid waiting to
- convert the addresses of distant hosts to names.
-
- ----oooo Exit successfully after receiving one reply packet.
-
- ----pppp _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- You may specify up to 16 ``pad'' bytes to fill out the packet you
- send. This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems in a
- network. For example, ``-p ff'' will cause the sent packet to be
- filled with all ones.
-
- ----PPPP Use a psuedo-random sequence for the data instead of the default,
- fixed sequence of incrementing 8-bit integers. This is useful to
- foil compression on PPP and other links.
-
- ----qqqq Quiet output. Nothing is displayed except the summary line on
- termination.
-
- ----QQQQ Do not display responses such as Network Unreachable ICMP messages
- concerning the ECHO_REQUESTs sent.
-
- ----rrrr Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an
- attached network. If the host is not on a directly-attached
- network, an error is returned. This option can be used to ping a
- local host through an interface that has no route through it (e.g.,
- after the interface was dropped by _r_o_u_t_e_d(1M)).
-
- ----RRRR Record Route. Includes the RECORD_ROUTE option in the ECHO_REQUEST
- packet and displays the route buffer on returned packets. Note that
- the IP header is only large enough for eight such routes, and only
- six when using the ----gggg option. Many hosts ignore or discard this
- option.
-
- ----ssss _s_i_z_e
- Send datagrams containing _s_i_z_e bytes of data. The default is 56,
- which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes when combined with the 8
- bytes of ICMP header data. The maximum allowed value is 61396.
-
- ----tttt _t_o_s
- Use the specified hexadecimal type of service.
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- PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM)))) PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM))))
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- ----TTTT _t_t_l
- Changes the default time-to-live.
-
- ----vvvv Verbosely list ICMP packets other than ECHO_RESPONSE that are
- received by the system. By default, only ICMP packets (including
- ECHO_RESPONSEs) concerning the ECHO_REQUEST packets sent by _p_i_n_g are
- listed. When verbosity is turned on, almost all ICMP packets are
- listed, including error messages concerning other network traffic.
-
- ----wwww _m_a_x_w_a_i_t
- Specifies the number of seconds to wait for a response to a packet
- before transmitting the next one. The default is 10.0.
-
- _P_i_n_g should be used primarily for manual fault isolation. Because of the
- load it can impose on the network, it is unwise to use _p_i_n_g during normal
- operations or from automated scripts. When using _p_i_n_g for fault
- isolation, it should first be run on the local host, to verify that the
- local network interface is up and running. Then, hosts and gateways
- further and further away should be ``pinged''.
-
- _P_i_n_g repeated sends individual datagrams (by default one per second), and
- prints one line of output for every ECHO_RESPONSE returned.
-
- On a trusted system with IP Security Options enabled, if the network
- idiom is not MONO, _p_i_n_g also prints a second line containing the
- hexadecimal representation of the IP security option in the
- ECHO_RESPONSE.
-
- If the ----cccc _c_o_u_n_t option is given, only that number of requests is sent.
- If there is no response, then no output other than the final summary is
- produced Round-trip times and packet loss statistics are computed. If
- duplicate packets are received, they are not included in the packet loss
- calculation, although the round trip time of these packets is used in
- calculating the minimum/average/maximum round-trip time numbers. When
- the specified number of packets have been sent (and received) or if the
- program is terminated with an interrupt (SIGINT), a brief summary is
- displayed. When not using the ----ffff (flood) option, the first interrupt,
- usually generated by control-C or DEL, causes _p_i_n_g to wait for its
- outstanding requests to return. It will wait no longer than the longest
- round trip time encountered by previous, successful pings. The second
- interrupt stops _p_i_n_g immediately.
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- DDDDEEEETTTTAAAAIIIILLLLSSSS
- An IP header without options is 20 bytes. An ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packet
- contains an additional 8 bytes worth of ICMP header followed by an
- arbitrary amount of data. When a _p_a_c_k_e_t_s_i_z_e is given, it indicates the
- size of this extra piece of data (the default is 56). Thus the amount of
- data received inside of an IP packet of type ICMP ECHO_REPLY will always
- be 8 bytes more than the requested data space (the ICMP header).
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- PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM)))) PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM))))
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- If the data space is at least eight bytes large, _p_i_n_g uses the first
- eight bytes of this space to include a timestamp to compute round trip
- times. If less than eight bytes of pad are specified, no round trip
- times are given.
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- DDDDUUUUPPPPLLLLIIIICCCCAAAATTTTEEEE AAAANNNNDDDD DDDDAAAAMMMMAAAAGGGGEEEEDDDD PPPPAAAACCCCKKKKEEEETTTTSSSS
- _P_i_n_g will report duplicate and damaged packets. Duplicate packets should
- never occur, and seem to be caused by inappropriate link-level
- retransmissions. Duplicates may occur in many situations and are rarely
- (if ever) a good sign, although the presence of low levels of duplicates
- may not always be cause for alarm.
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- Damaged packets are obviously serious cause for alarm and often indicate
- broken hardware somewhere in the _p_i_n_g packet's path (in the network or in
- the hosts).
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- TTTTRRRRYYYYIIIINNNNGGGG DDDDIIIIFFFFFFFFEEEERRRREEEENNNNTTTT DDDDAAAATTTTAAAA PPPPAAAATTTTTTTTEEEERRRRNNNNSSSS
- The (inter)network layer should never treat packets differently depending
- on the data contained in the data portion. Unfortunately, data-dependent
- problems have been known to sneak into networks and remain undetected for
- long periods of time. In many cases the particular pattern that will
- have problems is something that doesn't have sufficient ``transitions'',
- such as all ones or all zeros, or a pattern right at the edge, such as
- almost all zeros. It isn't necessarily enough to specify a data pattern
- of all zeros (for example) on the command line because the pattern that
- is of interest is at the data link level, and the relationship between
- what you type and what the controllers transmit can be complicated.
-
- This means that if you have a data-dependent problem you will probably
- have to do a lot of testing to find it. If you are lucky, you may manage
- to find a file that either can't be sent across your network or that
- takes much longer to transfer than other similar length files. You can
- then examine this file for repeated patterns that you can test using the
- ----pppp option of _p_i_n_g.
-
- TTTTTTTTLLLL DDDDEEEETTTTAAAAIIIILLLLSSSS
- The TTL value of an IP packet represents the maximum number of IP routers
- that the packet can go through before being thrown away. In current
- practice you can expect each router in the Internet to decrement the TTL
- field by exactly one.
-
- The maximum possible value of this field is 255, and most Unix systems
- set the TTL field of ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to 255.
-
- In normal operation ping prints the ttl value from the packet it
- receives. When a remote system receives a ping packet, it can do one of
- three things with the TTL field in its response:
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- +o Not change it; this is what Berkeley Unix systems did before the
- 4.3BSD-tahoe release. In this case the TTL value in the received
- packet will be 255 minus the number of routers in the round-trip path.
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- PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM)))) PPPPIIIINNNNGGGG((((1111MMMM))))
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- +o Set it to 255; this is what IRIX and current Berkeley Unix systems do.
- In this case the TTL value in the received packet will be 255 minus the
- number of routers in the path _f_r_o_m the remote system _t_o the _p_i_n_ging
- host.
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- +o Set it to some other value. Some machines use the same value for ICMP
- packets that they use for TCP packets, for example either 30 or 60.
- Others may use completely wild values.
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- EEEEXXXXIIIITTTT SSSSTTTTAAAATTTTUUUUSSSS
- _P_i_n_g returns 0 on success (the host is alive), and non-zero if the
- arguments are incorrect or the host is not responding.
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- BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS
- Many Hosts and Gateways ignore the RECORD_ROUTE option.
-
- The maximum IP header length is too small for options like RECORD_ROUTE
- to be completely useful. There's not much that can be done about this,
- however.
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- On a trusted system with IP Security Options enabled the IP header will
- not be able to accommodate both the security option and the RECORD_ROUTE
- option. Other IP options may not be supported if the security option is
- significantly large and in these situations the use of these options will
- be refused.
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- Flood pinging is not recommended in general, and flood pinging the
- broadcast address should only be done under very controlled conditions.
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- The record-route option does not work with many hosts and routers.
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- SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
- netstat(1), ifconfig(1M), routed(1M)
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